Ballistic Missiles 3. D Models. North Korea possesses significant ballistic missile capabilities, and since the collapse of the Soviet Union has been one of the most active exporters of complete ballistic missile systems, components, and technology. Pyongyang received foreign assistance over the years, most notably from the Former Soviet Union and China, but the complete details of all foreign assistance remain vague. Considering North Korea's long- standing interest in advancing its missile capabilities, its missile program is notable in that there have been relatively few flight tests. It is neither a member of the Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR) nor the Hague Code of Conduct against Ballistic Missile Proliferation (HCOC). Weapons of mass destruction; By type; Biological; Chemical; Nuclear; Radiological; By country; Albania; Algeria; Argentina; Australia; Brazil; Bulgaria; Canada; China; Egypt; France; Germany; India; Iran; Iraq; Israel; Japan.However, North Korea claimed membership in the Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies and the Convention on Registration of Objects Launched into Outer Space in advance of the launch of the Unha- 3. SLV in an attempt to . That year marked the establishment of the Hamhung Military Academy, where North Korean personnel began to receive training in missile development. By 1. 96. 7- 7. 1, DPRK's military budget increased to about 3. Missile Defense and the US Response to the North Korean Ballistic Missile. Running in parallel with an ever evolving ballistic missile program, North Korea’s. As the North Korean ballistic missile. North Korea maintains uranium mines with an estimated four million tons of exploitable high. The North Korean nuclear weapons program dates back to the. North Korea's Nuclear Weapons Program Larry A. First, Kim Il Sung viewed ballistic missiles as weapons to deter or defeat U. S. Second, rocky alliance relationships with both the Soviet Union and China caused Kim to question the credibility of Moscow's and Beijing's commitments to aid Pyongyang in the event of another war. In September 1. 97. North Korea signed an agreement with China to acquire, develop, and produce ballistic missiles and other weapon systems. Developments in North Korea's missile program: Fox News; Fox. North Korea Chronology of North Korea's missile program. North Korea fires a short-range missile into waters between the Korean peninsula and. This issue brief examines the history and current. This issue brief examines the history and current status of North Korea's ballistic missile program. The North Korean missile identified as the AG-1 is based on the Chinese. The North Korean missile program is notable because there have been relatively. David Wright, 'Secretary Gates and the North Korean Missile Threat,' 38 North. Timelines of North Korea’s nuclear program often focus on the latter half of the program’s history. However, substantial cooperation did not begin until about 1. Korean engineers were able to participate in a joint program to develop China's DF- 6. North Korea has relied upon the transfer of hardware and technology from more advanced producers. North Korea obtained Soviet- made Scud- B missiles to begin a reverse- engineering program, but the timing and source of the procurement are still unclear- possibly as early as 1. USSR. Furthermore, Tehran's use of the Hwasong- 5 provided Pyongyang with performance data that would otherwise have required extensive indigenous flight- testing. It is believed production rate peaked at eight to ten missiles per month during 1. Late- industrializing countries can reduce the time required for industrialization, and the same is true in the area of missiles. However, accelerated development is generally a function of foreign technology transfers, so Pyongyang's extremely rapid progress in missile development suggests a high level of foreign technical assistance. Around 1. 99. 0 to 1. Hwasong- 6 began, at about the same time the first Nodong prototypes were built. It is worth noting that North Korea was unable to test the Nodong to its full intended range for geographic reasons. Nevertheless, Pyongyang began to deploy the Nodong in 1. The Taepodong- 1 does not have a new airframe or engine design, but is a two- stage missile with a Nodong as the first stage and Hwasong (Scud) variant as the second stage. On December 1. 0, 2. Spanish and U. S. The So San cargo included 1. Scud missiles, conventional warheads, and 8. North Korea declared the interception of the So San an . The missile seems to derive from the Soviet R- 2. SS- N- 6) liquid- fueled submarine- launched ballistic missile, which the Soviets deployed from the 1. In late 2. 00. 9, leaked U. S. The October parade was also notable for unveiling a new Nodong variant, about which little is known. The variant has a triconic nose- cone that greatly resembles Iran's Ghader- 1 missile, perhaps hinting at further cooperation. From April to June of 2. The first five were failures, in contrast with the 4. Soviet R- 2. 7 that provided the core design for the Musudan system. Experts believe the missile's operational range is substantially greater, but that North Korea tested the system at an angle that would keep the missile in its own territorial space. The first stage may use four Nodong engines, while the second stage could be based on a Nodong design as well. The Taepodong- 2 failed at about 4. The launch of the three- stage rocket was seen as a technical failure with the first stage splashing down in the water between the Korean peninsula and Japan, and the remaining stages, along with the payload, falling into the Pacific Ocean. The base is comprised of several missile assembly and testing structures, a launch warehouse, an observation tower, and a rocket engine test pad. North Korea has since used Sohae to launch the Unha- 3 rocket, and possibly test the engine of KN- 0. The launch failed in seconds. Three days later, Pyongyang held a parade in honor of its founding father Kim Il Sung, which purported to display a new missile system known externally as the KN- 0. The missiles are most likely only mock- ups. In order to deliver a nuclear payload, the rocket would require the addition of a re- entry vehicle which requires technology and advanced materials experts believe North Korea does not currently possess. However, on March 1. North Korea announced it had begun testing just such a re- entry vehicle. On March 9, 2. 01. North Korea released photographs showing Kim Jong Un in front of, what it claimed, was a miniaturized implosion- type nuclear weapon capable of fitting on the end of a missile. The Sohae Satellite Launching Station, officially completed in 2. An eleventh level was added to the gantry tower, making room for rockets up to fifty meters in length; two new storehouses were completed, effectively doubling the storage capacity for rocket fuel and oxidizer; and an underground rail spur and moveable processing structure were added, making it increasingly difficult for outsiders to detect launch preparations. On February 7, 2. North Korea used the facility to launch the Kwangmyongsong- 4 satellite into Low Earth Orbit (LEO) using the Unha- 3 rocket. In July 2. 01. 4, a new type of submarine was spotted at the Sinpo Shipyard with visible conning towers that might be used to house either ballistic or cruise missiles. Analysts; however, have since determined the images were falsified, and that the missile was actually launched from a submerged barge. On March 2. 4, 2. North Korea tested a solid- fueled rocket motor. This key difference makes solid- fuel propellants ideal for use in ballistic missiles, and especially in SLBMs. On April 2. 3, 2. North Korea tested what experts believe was a solid- fueled SLBM. These tests occurred around the same time as North Korea's Musudan tests which took place between April and June of 2. Following these tests, North Korea carried out a test of the Rodong (or Nodong) missile. On August 2nd North Korea launched two missiles, one of which traveled about 1,0. Japan, in their Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ). Foss, editor, Jane's Armour and Artillery 1. Coulsdon, Surrey: Jane's Information Group, 1. Center for Nonproliferation Studies, November 1. Testimony of Ko Yong- hwan, former North Korean Foreign Ministry official, before the US Senate, October 2. The Second Machine Industry Ministry was renamed the . The Second Economic Committee is responsible for the production of all armaments. Bermudez, The Armed Forces of North Korea (New York: I. Kim Gwang- in, . 2, Center for Nonproliferation Studies, November 1. Christopher F. Foss, editor, Jane's Armour and Artillery 1. Coulsdon, Surrey: Jane's Information Group, 1. Christopher F. Foss, editor, Jane's Armour and Artillery 1. Coulsdon, Surrey: Jane's Information Group, 1. Gordon Jacobs and Tim Mc. Carthy, . The program was cancelled because of Chinese domestic political reasons in 1. Center for Nonproliferation Studies, November 1. John Wilson Lewis and Hua Di, . This report and any details about an agreement for subsequent deliveries or technology transfers have not been substantiated. Interview with North Korean defector by CNS senior research associate Daniel A. Pinkston, November 1, 2. Seoul. 2, Center for Nonproliferation Studies, November 1. Lee Jeong- hun, . Jang Jun- ik, . 2. Lee Jeong- hun, . Hajime Ozu, Missile 2. Reference Guide to World Missile Systems (Tokyo: Shinkigensha, 2. October 1, 2. 00. Lexis- Nexis, www. Center for Nonproliferation Studies, November 1. Lee Jeong- hun, . Center for Nonproliferation Studies, November 1. Center for Nonproliferation Studies, November 1. Center for Nonproliferation Studies, November 1. Korea Secretly Deliver Missiles to Mideast via Cyprus. Lexis- Nexis Academic Universe, http: //web. Joseph S. 2, Center for Nonproliferation Studies, November 1. Frees Freighter Carrying Missiles. Korea New Bargaining Chip. Korea's Rocket Launch as Success. Korea to 'soon' conduct nuke warhead, ballistic missile tests. Korea counters doubts with 'miniaturized' bomb photo. Korea appears to fire submarine- launched missile. Kwon, Joshua Berlinger and Jason Hanna, . History of North Korea - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. The history of North Korea began with the partition of Korea at the end of World War II in 1. Communist- aligned Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK) headed by the former guerrilla leader, Kim Il- sung. In 1. 95. 0 the Korean War broke out. After much destruction, the war ended with the status quo being restored. The DPRK had failed to unify Korea under its leadership, and the US- led United Nations force had failed to conquer North Korea. The peninsula was divided by the Korean Demilitarized Zone, and a US military force remained in South Korea. Tension between the two sides continued. Kim Il- sung remained in power until his death in 1. He developed a pervasive personality cult and steered the country on an independent course in accordance with the principle of Juche (or self- reliance). However, with natural disasters and the collapse of the Soviet Bloc in 1. North Korea went into a severe economic crisis. Kim Il- sung's son, Kim Jong- il, succeeded him, and was in turn succeeded by his son, Kim Jong- un. Amid international alarm, North Korea developed nuclear missiles. Northern Korea before the division. Most Koreans were peasants engaged in subsistence farming. One of the most prominent guerrilla leaders was the Communist Kim Il- sung. Since the arrival of missionaries in the late nineteenth century, the northwest of Korea, and Pyongyang in particular, had been a stronghold of Christianity. On August 8, 1. 94. Soviet Union declared war on Japan. On August 1. 0, the US government decided to propose the 3. Soviet occupation zone in the north and a US occupation zone in the south. The parallel was chosen as it would place the capital Seoul under American control. The agreement was incorporated into General Order No. August 1. 94. 5) for the surrender of Japan. When Soviet troops entered Pyongyang, they found a local People's Committee established there, led by veteran Christian nationalist Cho Man- sik. They had fought the Japanese in Manchuria in the 1. USSR and trained in the Red Army since 1. Most Koreans demanded independence immediately, but Kim and the other Communists supported the trusteeship under pressure from the Soviet government. Cho Man- sik opposed the proposal at a public meeting on January 4, 1. On December 1. 8, 1. Communist Party committees were combined into the North Korean Communist Party. In December, a popular front led by the Workers Party dominated elections in the North. From their ranks, using Soviet advisers and equipment, Kim constructed a large army skilled in infiltration tactics and guerrilla warfare. Before the outbreak of the Korean War, Joseph Stalin equipped the KPA with modern medium tanks, trucks, artillery, and small arms. Kim also formed an air force, equipped at first with ex- Soviet propeller- driven fighter and attack aircraft. Later, North Korean pilot candidates were sent to the Soviet Union and China to train in Mi. G- 1. 5 jet aircraft at secret bases. In response, the UN established the United Nations Temporary Commission on Korea to hold elections in Korea. The Soviet Union opposed this move. In the absence of Soviet co- operation, it was decided to hold UN- supervised elections in the south only. The southern politicians Kim Koo and Kim Kyu- sik attended the conference and boycotted the elections in the South. On August 1. 5, the Republic of Korea formally came into existence. A new Supreme People's Assembly was elected in August 1. September 3 a new constitution was promulgated. The Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK) was proclaimed on September 9, with Kim as premier. All parties and mass organizations joined the Democratic Front for the Reunification of the Fatherland, ostensibly a popular front but in reality dominated by the Communists. The government moved rapidly to establish a political system that was partly styled on the Soviet system, with political power monopolised by the Worker's Party of Korea (WPK). The Korean War (1. The withdrawal of most U. S. The North Korean army, by contrast, had benefited from the Soviet Union's WWII- era equipment, and had a core of hardened veterans who had fought either as anti- Japanese guerrillas or alongside the Chinese Communists. In January 1. 95. China's Mao Zedong indicated that the People's Republic of China would send troops and other support to Kim, Stalin approved an invasion. However, from the very beginning Stalin made it clear that the Soviet Union would avoid a direct confrontation with the U. S. By mid- July North Korean troops had overwhelmed the South Korean and allied American units and forced them back to a defensive line in south- east South Korea known as the Pusan Perimeter. During its brief occupation of southern Korea, the DPRK regime initiated radical social change, which included the nationalisation of industry, land reform, and the restoration of the People's Committees. In September, UN forces landed at Inchon and retook Seoul. Under the leadership of US General Douglas Macarthur, UN forces pushed north, reaching the Chinese border. According to Bruce Cumings, the North Korean forces were not routed, but managed a strategic retreat into the mountainous interior and into neighboring Manchuria. According to Bruce Cumings, the Korean People's Army played an equal part in this counterattack. The war essentially became a bloody stalemate for the next two years. American bombing included the use of napalm against populated areas and the destruction of dams and dykes, which caused devastating floods. North Korea's lead negotiator was General Nam Il. The Korean Armistice Agreement was signed on July 2. A ceasefire followed, but there was no peace treaty, and hostilities continued at a lower intensity. As a result, the North Korean media made the most of it by focusing entirely on the defeats suffered by the US and UN forces during the failed invasion of North Korea in late 1. The armistice was celebrated in Pyongyang with a military parade in which Kim declared: . Up to this time, North Korean politics were represented by four factions: the Yan'an faction, made up of returnees from China; the . However, Kim neutralised the attack on him by promising to moderate the regime, promises which were never kept. The majority in the Central Committee voted to support Kim and also voted in favour of expelling Choe and Pak Hon- yong from the Central Committee. Eleven of Kim's opponents were convicted in a show trial. It is believed that all were executed. A major purge of the KWP followed, with members originating from South Korea being expelled. Potential rivals from other groups such as Kim Tu- bong were also purged. Most members of other factions had lost their positions of influence. More than half the delegates had joined after 1. Encouraged by this, members of the party leadership in North Korea began to criticize Kim's dictatorial leadership, personality cult, and Stalinist economic policies. They were defeated by Kim at the August Plenum of the party. The Korean ambassador to the USSR, Li Sangjo, a member of the Yan'an faction, reported that it had become a criminal offense to so much as write on Kim's picture in a newspaper and that he had been elevated to the status of Marx, Lenin, Mao, and Stalin in the communist pantheon. He also charged Kim with rewriting history to appear as if his guerrilla faction had single- handedly liberated Korea from the Japanese, completely ignoring the assistance of the Chinese Communist Party. In addition, Li stated that in the process of agricultural collectivization, grain was being forcibly confiscated from the peasants, leading to . Li reported that over 3. Kim Il- sung's portrait on sufficient quality paper or using newspapers with his picture to wrap parcels. Grain confiscation and tax collection were also conducted forcibly with violence, beatings, and imprisonment. Foodstuffs during the initial postwar period were rationed and extremely expensive, as were consumer items. By comparison, South Korea, which had less of an industrial base than the DPRK, had a better food supply and was also flooded with American goods although it should be noted that the overall destruction there during the war was smaller. After Stalin's death in 1. Kim was described as the . As his personality cult grew, the doctrine of Juche (or self- reliance) began to displace Marxism. At the same time the cult extended beyond Kim himself to include his family in a revolutionary blood line. Mao Zedong criticized Kim for having started the whole . PLA commander Peng Dehuai was equally contemptuous of Kim's skills at waging war. By contrast, neighboring Chinese leader Mao Zedong was mostly ignored and Kim Il- sung rejected most of his policies such as the Hundred Flowers Campaign and (later) the Cultural Revolution. In 1. 96. 6, Kim declared . Shortly after, the US spy ship Pueblo was captured by the North Korean navy. The Nixon administration found itself unable to react at all, since the US was heavily committed in Vietnam and had no troops to spare if the situation in Korea escalated. However, the Pueblo capture and EC- 1. Moscow, as the Soviet Union did not want a second major war to erupt in Asia. China's response to the USS Pueblo crisis is less clear. Kim condemned China's Cultural Revolution as . In turn, China's Red Guards labelled him a . Chinese premier Zhou Enlai visited Pyongyang that year and apologized for the attacks made on Kim by the Red Guards. At the same time, the Soviets were again criticized by both Chinese and North Korean officials for being too soft on the United States. The Cultural Revolution was now viewed in North Korea as an excellent idea and . Kim visited Beijing in May 1. South Korea again, but Mao Zedong refused. Afterwards, Kim went home empty- handed. Resistance appears to have been minimal as landlords had been eliminated by the earlier reforms or during the war. This was expressed in the 1. Party Plenum by the slogan, .
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